La Luz Del Mundo - Giving the People What they Want

Considering La Luz Del Mundo church in Guadalajara, Mexico is engaged in its largest religious festival of the year, my entries on the group have doubled traffic to the blog. I thought I could contribute something to the discussion of the highly controversial group by at least creating a basic info entry (as long as you all promise to still buy the book - hahaha). Anyway, it boggles my mind how this powerful and fast-growing institution has essentially been flying under the radar of Mexicanists for decades. However, as Schmidt points out in Fragments of a Golden Age, Mexican historians have hardly given religion in the modern period much of a look - let alone non-Catholic or non-traditional practice.

Founder: Eusebio Joaquin Gonzales. Eusebio joined the Iglesia Cristiana Espiritual in 1924 in Torreon (following his wife) and later became a disciple of barefoot self-proclaimed prophets Saulo and Silas. During this period Eusebio claimed a vision from god in which his name was changed to Aaron and he was charged with starting a "new dispensation" of time marking a new pact between God and man - essetially a restoration of primitive Christianity.

Major Moments in early LLDM history:
1) Eusebio's arrival in Guadalajara on the feast day of the Virgin of Guadalupe in 1926 and his dedicatory prayer for that city. It sets up LLDM as directly in competition for not only spirituality but also mexicanidad.
2) 1930 Aaron introduces heirarchy into the previously loosely associated pentecostal church. Begins taking on the more formal structures of similar neo-pentecostal groups.
3) 1931 Santa Cena introduced. A formal celebration of the body and blood of Christ. Today members of LLDM gather on August 14th on the birthday of Aaron (about 250,000) in the Hermosa Provincia neighborhood of Guadalajara to take the sacrament of the holy supper: Another challenge to the ceremony of Catholicism. They also have competing ceremonies for newborn babies and watching over the dead.
4) 1933/34. LLDM begins forming their first community of LLDM members on Calle 46 in Guadalajara.
5) 1939. Growth and outside pressure move the group to build their second somewhat exclusive neighborhood.
6) 1942/43. A major schism within LLDM splits away hundreds of members of the group in central Mexico, but also leaves Aaron firmly in charge. He baptizes himself and is proclaimed an apostle of Jesus Christ.
7) 1953/54. LLDM purchases a hacienda east of Guadalajara and obtains an exception from the municipio to turn it into a development. The neighborhood is the famous Hermosa Provincia (named after the reference to Zion of Psalms 48). It becomes closely associated with the PRI through the FOPJ, or neighborhood organization associations of the ruling party.
8) 1964. Aaron dies and his son Samuel is proclaimed the new apostle. The church enters into an expansive phase of growth.

Thos are just a hand full of early highlights. The church claims 1.5 million members in Mexico (though only a fraction of that indicate such a denomination on the census). It also claims 5 million members globally. It has followers in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania in addition to the Americas.

The group has been both highly praised for literacy and poverty campaigns as well as highly controversial for centralized control, allegations of child abuse, improper use of funds, and possible tight links to the PRI.

Peruvian German Chica in Devil Dance With Bolivia - Phew!

Ok, so this was supposed to go up last week after I saw it on the Livinginperu web site, but I never got around to it.

Karen Schwartz, a Peruvian candidate for Miss Universe announced she is going to dance the Diablada dance (see picture). The Bolivians claim it as theirs, the Peruvians responded by saying ""The Highlands cultures are one. If Miss Schwarz is Peruvian, she has the right to wear the 'Diablada' dress.”

So, let me get this straight, we have a euro-Peruvian in a pseudo-dominatrix Bolivian "folk" outfit representing the unity of the Andean highland culture AND the international euro-beauty monopoly at the same time. Sweet. I suppose that beats Mexico's narco-beauty queen.

I love globalization. In fact, for your bubble-gum moment of the day (empty calories and wasted time) see a slide show of many of the national "folk" costumes at the Beauty Pageants blog. The blogger appears to be partial to Miss Japan.

I know that a few years from now there is absolutely going to be a dissertation on this from an Anthropologist. And for good measure, see Rick Lopez's article on the India Bonita contest in Mexico in 1921 as a good academic chaser. (HAHR, 2002).

Department of Treasury

Over the last two weeks I've had my blog entries (here and here) on Homeland Security visited over a dozen times by the treasury department. Really? I provide some links to interesting resources (I think) and a few news stories that really caught my eyes regarding the ICE folks. Treasury? Really? Is it the Financial Crimes team?

Well, for you guys at Treasury, here's another ICE-y treat.

Poor Guadalajara, So Far From God....

El Informador was not my paper of choice when I lived in Gdl, but I popped in the last couple of days to read the local coverage of the impact of the Canada/US/DF visit to one of my favorite Mexican cities. While the play by play was interesting, I enjoyed most a story about the impact of the visit on the Corona market near Hidalgo that was shut off from traffic - and from customers.

I'm good with the US going south to discuss its protectionist policies that will strip Mexico and Canada of billions in trade dollars, but it also served as an interesting reminder that we can't even visit Mexico without ripping the food out of somebody's mouth.

Se quedaron los bolillos y las flores...

GUADALAJARA, JALISCO.- Luces en el horizonte de la Avenida Hidalgo. Todo era quietud ahí, frente al Mercado Corona, donde las personas esperaban. “¿Quién va a pasar, disculpe?”, dijo un hombre que se acercó al barandal, como todos los demás. “¡Obama, Obama!”, comenzaron a gritar los niños.

Read more...

Resources on Luz Del Mundo

For those interested in the controversial and growing church out of Mexico known as Luz del Mundo, I'm including a short selection of works to help people learn more about the group.

The most refined foundational works on LDM com from anthropologists Reneé de la Torre and Patricia Fortuny Loret de Mola. See:
- Los hijos de la luz: Discurso, identidad y poder en La Luz del Mundo (Guadalajara: CIESAS, 2000).
- “Religión y Política el los barrios populares de Guadalajara,” Estudios Sociologicos, (VII:24, 1990) with Guillermo de la Peña.
- “La construción de una identidad nacional el La Luz del Mundo,” Cristianismo y Sociedad. XXIX/3/ No. 109 (1991).
- “Origins, Development and Perspectives of the Luz del Mundo Church,” Religion, No. 25 (1995). Also Creyentes and creencias en Guadalajara, CIESAS, Guadalajara, Mexico, 1999.
- “Mujer, participación, representación, simbólica y vida cotidiana en la Luz del Mundo. Estudio de Caso en la Hermosa Provincia,” Estudios sobre las culturas contemporáneas. Vol. IV, No. 12. (1991).

A secondary study by Rodolfo Morán Quiroz relies heavily on the studies of de la Torre and Fortuny. See Alternativa Religiosa en Guadalajara. (Guadalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara Press, 1990).

Several key masters’ theses exist on the study. De la Torre and Fortuny Loret de Mola both cite as foundational the 1972 Universidad de Guadalajara masters thesis by Araceli Ibarra Bellon and Alisa Lanczyner Reisel, “La Hermosa Provincia: nacimiento y vida de una secta cristiana en Guadalajara.” Responses to the work of de la Torre, Fortuny Loret de Mola, Morán, Ibarra, and Lanczyner include the well-balanced 2001 University of Guadalajara maestria thesis on state/church relations by Sara S. Pozos Bravo, a member of LLDM and former Assistant Director of International Affairs.

These selections do not include the wide variety of actively "pro" and "anti" LLDM material written by members of LLDM or Mexican scholars.

Pick of the Month

I've been putting up my suggested read for the month on the right-hand side of the blog, and who knows if anybody even looks at that part of the blog. I do want to take a moment and put in a plug for the August pick, Julio Moreno's Yankee Don't Go Home. An excellent read on the presence of U.S. culture and business in Mexico after the armed phase of the Revolution and the way in which Mexicans interacted with or reacted to that presence.

Nuanced with great stories and some great sources, this really should be on any Mexicanist's reading list for the modern era. Identity, state formation, religion, economics, culture ... definitely the right book for the August read.

Luz Del Mundo and Adult Education - WARNING: A Personal Indulgence Post

Living in the bubble of faculty, students, and academic colleagues I forget how really cool our job can be sometimes.

I just spoke this evening at the Unity Church for their religion lecture series. After finishing my presentation I was grilled for 40 minutes about the Luz Del Mundo organization based out of Guadalajara, Mexico. I rarely sit in front of an audience of non-academic adults (the over 30 set), and their enthusiasm for the topic was refreshing. While I understand that my only real claim to fame is having married a really good baker, today I participated in helping a few people understand the world around them a little better, and that feels really good. I get a little tired of academic panels where some @$ always gets up and says "I understand you only had twenty minutes, and I appreciate your focus was on topic X, but what I REALLY wanted to know was topic Y." Next time FAX me in advance, pendejo.

I think I will start a small series on Luz Del Mundo with some basic observations on this (alleged) Mexican religious juggernaut. With even the most basic membership numbers in dispute, this baby is a real hot potato.